In biogas facilities, organic waste is often converted to a mixture of carbon dioxide, methane, and organic fertilizer. There are three stages to a turbine: 1) air is drawn through a compressor where the temperature rises due to compression, 2) fuel is added in the combuster, and 3) hot air is exhausted through turbine blades which rotate a shaft connected to the compressor. utes in the lab |publisher=Gizmag.com |access-date=2013-12-31}}, Note that for biofuel crops it is only 0,5%. At this point, ignition can spontaneously occur before the spark plug fires, causing excessive cylinder pressures. Cameroon had a production project underway initiated by Herakles Farms in the US. {\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}, Engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber, "ICEV" redirects here. [210] As part of this program, the NRC made an announcement in May 2013 that they are partnering with Canadian Natural Resources Limited and Pond Biofuels to construct a demonstration-scale algal biorefinery near Bonnyville, Alberta. [108] Nearly all commercial algae producers for high value algal products utilize open pond systems. For example, the extracted triglycerides are reacted with methanol to create biodiesel via transesterification. The culinary qualities of lard vary somewhat depending on the origin and processing method; if properly rendered, it may be nearly odorless and In general, practical engines are always compromised by trade-offs between different properties such as efficiency, weight, power, heat, response, exhaust emissions, or noise. ), In boating, an internal combustion engine that is installed in the hull is referred to as an engine, but the engines that sit on the transom are referred to as motors. By 2017, most efforts had been abandoned or changed to other applications, with only a few remaining. Dmitrov[159] examined the GreenFuel's photobioreactor and estimated that algae oil would only be competitive at an oil price of $800 per barrel. Hydrogen could eventually replace conventional fossil fuels in traditional internal combustion engines. Looking for some protein without the beef? In smaller engines, the pistons are made of aluminum; while in larger applications, they are typically made of cast iron. Since 1993 a new hybrid variety of cold-tolerant, high-yielding oil palm has been promoted by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations in western Kenya. When the piston is moving downwards the pressure in the crankcase increases and the reed valve closes promptly, then the charge in the crankcase is compressed. Better Than Bouillon Reduced Sodium Chicken Base, Knorr Bouillon, Chicken Flavor With Other Natural Flavor, The fact that Kitchen Basics offers an unsalted version almost was enough to earn them first place, but they also have one of the shortest ingredients lists of all brands and their production reflects traditional homecooked methods (i.e. In fireworks, stearic acid is often used to coat metal powders such as aluminium and iron. Three different types of fats were used to produce biodiesel; their main characteristic was high free fatty acid content. This fuel has an energy density 10% less than gasoline, and greater than that of either ethanol or methanol. [7], The biggest producers of palm oil are Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Nigeria. Prior to Charles F. Kettering of Delco's development of the automotive starter all gasoline engined automobiles used a hand crank.[37]. After scouring the shelves for the best canned clam chowder, we came to the conclusion that your safest bet is to grab a condensed version. Edible vegetable oil from fruit of oil palms, For oil created from the palm kernel, rather than the palm fruit, see, Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO), International Union for Conservation of Nature, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Social and environmental impact of palm oil, significant impacts on the local ecosystems, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Sustainable palm oil: how can food companies step up to the plate? White palm oil is the result of processing and refining. NREL/TP-580-24190, p. 1328. Despite having twice as many power strokes per cycle, less than twice the power of a comparable 4-stroke engine is attainable in practice. Algal culture: from laboratory to pilot plant. Notes issued in 24 countries including Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom were found to be affected, leading to objections from vegans and members of some religious communities. In thermodynamic terms it follows the Otto engine cycle, so may be thought of as a "four-phase" engine. Then the oil is filtered and bleached. [125], After the meeting in 2009, a number of environmental organisations were critical of the scope of the agreements reached. Syngas can be burnt directly to produce energy or used a fuel in turbine engines. [33] More recently, rising oil prices in the 2000s spurred a revival of interest in algal biofuels and US federal funding has increased,[33] numerous research projects are being funded in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, the Middle East, and other parts of the world,[38] and a wave of private companies has entered the field[39] (see Companies). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 5281, Stearic acid. In the latter case, the cylinder liners are made of cast iron or steel,[26] or a coating such as nikasil or alusil. Also, stearic acid is less likely to be incorporated into cholesterol esters. [175], At the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institution the wastewater from domestic and industrial sources contain rich organic compounds that are being used to accelerate the growth of algae. The resulting mixture is then distilled. A triglyceride (TG, triacylglycerol, TAG, or triacylglyceride) is an ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids (from tri-and glyceride). Most truck and automotive diesel engines use a cycle reminiscent of a four-stroke cycle, but with temperature increase by compression causing ignition, rather than needing a separate ignition system. [43] The Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering at University of Georgia is exploring microalgal biomass production using industrial wastewater. This water is then pumped back into their system. Coverage includes smartphones, wearables, laptops, drones and consumer electronics. [129] Algae can also be grown on marginal lands useless for ordinary crops and with low conservation value, and can use water from salt aquifers that is not useful for agriculture or drinking. [102], Closed systems (not exposed to open air) avoid the problem of contamination by other First is fractionation, with crystallization and separation processes to obtain solid (palm stearin), and liquid (olein) fractions. Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from the mesocarp (reddish pulp) of the fruit of the oil palms. [11] The United States Department of Energy estimates that if algae fuel replaced all the petroleum fuel in the United States, it would require 15,000 square miles (39,000km2), which is only 0.42% of the U.S. map,[12] or about half of the land area of Maine. [8][9] Algae cost more per unit mass than other second-generation biofuel crops due to high capital and operating costs,[10] but are claimed to yield between 10 and 100 times more fuel per unit area. So 12 g of carbon yields 44 g of carbon dioxide. They are found in the form of combustion turbines with a typical electrical output in the range of some 100MW. Day cycle engines are crankcase scavenged and port timed. [170] Algae can be grown in land that would not be considered suitable for the growth of the regularly used crops. Fuel Economy. [1] It has been used mostly for animal food, such as dog food. Also, as the cylinder temperature rises, the fuel becomes more prone to auto-ignition. Uncatalyzed gasification requires temperature to be about 1300C. [112] Furthermore, due to the fact that the primary purpose of ATS is removing nutrients and pollutants out of water, and these costs have been shown to be lower than other methods of nutrient removal, this may incentivize the use of this technology for nutrient removal as the primary function, with biofuel production as an added benefit. ", "West African women defend traditional palm oil", "Cameroon changes mind on Herakles palm oil project", "Hybrid oil palms bear fruit in western Kenya", "Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Palm Oil Production", "The local impacts of oil palm expansion in Malaysia", "Palm oil cultivation for biofuel blocks return of displaced people in Colombia", "Free, Prior and Informed Consent in the Palm Oil Sector Sarawak: IOI-Pelita and the community of Long Teran Kanan", Indonesian migrant workers: with particular reference in the oil palm plantation industries in Sabah, Malaysia, "Malaysia Plans High-Tech Card for Foreign Workers", "Malaysia rounds up thousands of migrant workers", "Felcra a success story in rural transformation", Malaysian Palm oil: Surviving the food versus fuel dispute for a sustainable future, "Rape, abuses in palm oil fields linked to top beauty brands", "Indigenous Papuans won their forest back from a palm oil firm, but still lack land title", "Indonesia: Indigenous Peoples Losing Their Forests", "Guatemala's growing palm oil industry fuels Indigenous land fight", "Why does palm oil still dominate the supermarket shelves? Many companies fractionate it further to produce palm oil for cooking oil, or process it into other products. It is kept together to the connecting rod by removable bolts. Tallow is a rendered form of beef or mutton fat, primarily made up of triglycerides. [69], The Algenol system which is being commercialized by BioFields in Puerto Libertad, Sonora, Mexico utilizes seawater and industrial exhaust to produce ethanol. Palm oil has an especially high concentration of saturated fat, specifically the 16-carbon saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, to which it gives its name. Stearic acid is a common lubricant during injection molding and pressing of ceramic powders. The exhaust valve opened for the piston upstroke. [6] In 2018, a report by the International Union for Conservation of Nature acknowledged that palm oil is much more efficient than other oils in terms of land and water usage, however deforestation causes more biodiversity loss than switching to other oils. The health concerns related to trans fats in hydrogenated vegetable oils may have contributed to the increasing use of palm oil in the food industry. Once the available energy has been removed, the remaining hot gases are vented (often by opening a valve or exposing the exhaust outlet) and this allows the piston to return to its previous position (top dead center, or TDC). [citation needed] Commercially, fats high in oleic acid such as palm and soy may be hydrogenated to convert oleic into stearic acid. [125], GreenPalm is one of the retailers executing the book and claim supply chain and trading programme. Gasoline engines are used in most other road vehicles including most cars, motorcycles, and mopeds. It is distinguished from tallow, a similar product derived from fat of cattle or sheep.. Lard can be rendered by steaming, boiling, or dry heat. [31][34][44][45][46] Because the cells grow in aqueous suspension, where they have more efficient access to water, CO2 and dissolved nutrients, microalgae are capable of producing large amounts of biomass and usable oil in either high rate algal ponds[47] or photobioreactors. London, United Kingdom: Applied Science Publishers LTD. Lundquist, T.J., I.C. The device does not generate a huge amount of power, but it can be used for Internet of Things devices, eliminating the need for traditional batteries such as lithium ion batteries. As the piston moves downward further, it uncovers the intake port which has a duct that runs to the crankcase. Not to mention, the can is tinted with caramel coloran additive which may contain an artificial form of phosphorous that's been shown to leach calcium from our bones. [200] This particular monoterpene synthase causes the de novo synthesis of large amounts of geraniol, while also secreting it into the medium. Microalgae also require fewer resources to grow and little attention is needed, allowing the growth and cultivation of algae to be a very passive process. Even when aided with turbochargers and stock efficiency aids, most engines retain an average efficiency of about 1820%. [19], Algal oil is used as a source of fatty acid supplementation in food products, as it contains mono- and polyunsaturated fats, in particular EPA and DHA. [95], Light is what algae primarily need for growth as it is the most limiting factor. [31][32], Significant amounts of palm oil exports to Europe are converted to biodiesel (as of early 2018: Indonesia: 40%, Malaysia 30%). Through GreenPalm the producer can certify a specified amount with the GreenPalm logo. [94] Indigenous communities also expressed concern over the loss of natural resources, such as wild rubber, reed, and adat forests (communal forests). Esters of stearic acid with ethylene glycol (glycol stearate and glycol distearate) are used to produce a pearly effect in shampoos, soaps, and other cosmetic products. Soaps are not made directly from stearic acid, but indirectly by saponification of triglycerides consisting of stearic acid esters. Often a staple pairing with gooey grilled cheese, tomato bisque is certainly a soup of comfort and tradition. Get the best food tips and diet advice The important exceptions are the foods cocoa butter (34%)[12] and shea butter, where the stearic acid content (as a triglyceride) is 2845%. NOx, carbon monoxide and other pollutants are frequently controlled via exhaust gas recirculation which returns some of the exhaust back into the engine intake, and catalytic converters, which convert exhaust chemicals to harmless chemicals. [229], Qeshm Microalgae Biorefinery Co. (QMAB) is an Iran-based biofuels company operating solely on the Iranian island of Qeshm in the Strait of Hormuz. introduced a monoterpene synthase from sweet basil into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a strain of yeast. by themselves are too high for algae biofuels to be cost-competitive with conventional fuels. Palm oil accounted for about 33% of global oils produced from oil crops in 2014. document.addEventListener( 'DOMContentLoaded', function() { An exhaust valve or several like that of 4-stroke engines is used. [11] The triglyceride derived from three molecules of stearic acid is called stearin. xhr.open('POST', 'https://www.google-analytics.com/collect', true); CD system voltages can reach 60,000 volts. Algae Set to Beat Out Other Biofuel Feedstocks", CO2-eating Algae Tturns Cement-maker Green, "Photobioreactor cultivation strategies for microalgae and cyanobacteria", "A Realistic Technology and Engineering Assessment of Algae Biofuel Production", "F-01 UT, ! Manufacturers have come out with countless waistline-friendly options that can warm you up without filling you out. [183], The European Commission's Algae Cluster Project, funded through the Seventh Framework Programme, is made up of three algae biofuel projects, each looking to design and build a different algae biofuel facility covering 10ha of land. The program aims at producing energy efficient, cost-effective and environmentally friendly technologies that support rural economies, reduce the nations dependency in oil and improve air quality. When there is a different oil reservoir the crankcase still catches it, but it is continuously drained by a dedicated pump; this is called a dry sump system. Highlights Biodiesel was obtained from animal fats with high free fatty acids. [202], In 2013 researchers used a "knock-down" of fat-reducing enzymes (multifunctional lipase/phospholipase/acyltransferase) to increase lipids (oils) without compromising growth. All Rights Reserved. This stock is super-reduced until it's just a paste-like product that's packed with flavor. It is added at the rate of 0.6 g per kg of the oxide while preparing the paste. In most gasoline engines, butanol can be used in place of gasoline with no modifications. In the United States, nitrogen oxides, PM, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and ozone, are regulated as criteria air pollutants under the Clean Air Act to levels where human health and welfare are protected. This is less than .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}17 the area of corn harvested in the United States in 2000. A spark of italian creativity", "CFX aids design of world's most efficient steam turbine", "New Benchmarks for Steam Turbine Efficiency Power Engineering", "Approach to High Efficiency Diesel and Gas Engines", "DKW RT 125/2H, 1954 > Models > History > AUDI AG", "Laser sparks revolution in internal combustion engines", "The Early History of the Bosch Magneto Company in America", "Spark Timing Myths Debunked Spark Timing Myths Explained: Application Notes", "Gasifier Aids Motor Starting Under Arctic Conditions", "5-Stroke Concept Engine Design and Development", "The effect of engine throttle position on the performance characteristics of a crank-rocker engine fitted with a conventional cylinder head", "Air-cooled 7HA and 9HA designs rated at over, "Cadillac's Electric Self Starter Turns 100", "Ingersoll Rand Engine Starting Turbine, Vane and Gas Air Starters", "Mercedes AMG F1 engine achieves 50 percent thermal efficiency", "The Road Traffic (Vehicle Emissions) (Fixed Penalty) (England) Regulations 2002", "City Development Fees & Charges 201011", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_combustion_engine&oldid=1118698096, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. A second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines, jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on the same principle as previously described. [112] In contrast to other methods, which focus primarily on a single high yielding species of algae, this method focuses on naturally occurring polycultures of algae. Although Ghana has multiple palm species, ranging from local palm nuts to other species locally called agric, it was only marketed locally and to neighboring countries. [33] Therefore, under budget pressure in 1996, the Aquatic Species Program was abandoned. The first part of the piston downstroke drew in a fuel-air mixture, then the inlet valve closed and, in the remainder of the down-stroke, the fuel-air mixture fired. [206], The National Research Council of Canada has established research on Algal Carbon Conversion as one of its flagship programs. [21], In 1942 Harder and Von Witsch were the first to propose that microalgae be grown as a source of lipids for food or fuel. Soybean oil came in second with 37 million tonnes (23%). When the piston rose close to TDC, a spark ignited the fuel. It distributes the air incoming from these devices to the individual cylinders. Read the latest news, updates and reviews on the latest gadgets in tech. The top dead center (TDC) of a piston is the position where it is nearest to the valves; bottom dead center (BDC) is the opposite position where it is furthest from them. The IUCN maintains that replacing palm oil with other vegetable oils would necessitate greater amounts of agricultural land, negatively affecting biodiversity. Gasoline engines take in a mixture of air and gasoline and compress it by the movement of the piston from bottom dead center to top dead center when the fuel is at maximum compression. (ed). It also reduces the extension of oxidation of the freshly formed lead (negative active material) when the plates are kept for drying in the open atmosphere after the process of tank formation. Typically forced lubrication systems have a lubricant flow higher than what is required to lubricate satisfactorily, in order to assist with cooling. Although this CO2 will later be released into the atmosphere when the fuel is burned, this CO2 would have entered the atmosphere regardless. It is extensively used in food manufacture and can be found in a variety of processed foods including peanut butter and chips. / Increasing the engine's efficiency brings better fuel economy but only if the fuel cost per energy content is the same. Apple cider vinegar is another ingredient that will further improve your digestion thanks to it containing active enzymes. In engines with more than one cylinder they are usually arranged either in 1 row (straight engine) or 2 rows (boxer engine or V engine); 3 rows are occasionally used (W engine) in contemporary engines, and other engine configurations are possible and have been used. [167] Discoveries within the pharmaceutical industry include antibiotics and antifungals derived from microalgae, as well as natural health products, which have been growing in popularity over the past few decades. PEF technology only requires 1-10 microsecond pulses, enabling a high-throughput approach to algal extraction. Gasification is usually performed with catalysts. Microsoft is quietly building a mobile Xbox store that will rely on Activision and King games. For gasoline, with a density of 0.75kg/L and a ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms of about 6 to 14, the estimated value of carbon emission from burning 1 litre of gasoline is: 0.75 Alternatives to diesel fuel include biodiesel and renewable diesel. Geraniol is a primary component in rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil as well as essential oils, making it a viable source of triacylglycerides for biodiesel production. Maximum use of existing agriculture processes and hardware is the goal. As such, the lipid content of the algae in an ATS system is usually lower, which makes it more suitable for a fermented fuel product, such as ethanol, methane, or butanol. Numerous policies have been put in place since the 1975 oil crisis in order to promote the use of Renewable Fuels in the United States, Canada and Europe. [123] Members of the RSPO include palm oil producers, environmental groups, and manufacturers who use palm oil in their products. ICEs drive large electric generators that power electrical grids. Except for the fuel delivery components, most internal combustion engines that are designed for gasoline use can run on natural gas or liquefied petroleum gases without major modifications. [213] This caused Algenol CEO Paul Woods to scrap a plan for a US$500million plant to produce commercial amounts of algae biofuels and pursue other job sites. 1998. Canadian Biofuel Policies. [223], Origin Oils Inc. has been researching a method called the Helix Bioreactor,[224] altering the common closed-loop growth system. [25] Water-cooled engines contain passages in the engine block where cooling fluid circulates (the water jacket). A possible nutrient source is wastewater from the treatment of sewage, agricultural, or flood plain run-off, all currently major pollutants and health risks. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. The effect is the production of triglycerides that are almost identical to vegetable oil. A select few of canned soups are teeming with the right blend of nutrients to make for the perfect snack. They are renewable, non-toxic and can be produced locally from agricultural resources and slaughterhouses. ). [49] As algae have a harvesting cycle of 110 days, their cultivation permits several harvests in a very short time-frame, a strategy differing from that associated with annual crops. Alberta introduced a 5% ethanol and 2% renewable diesel requirement implemented April 2011. Triglycerides are the main constituents of body fat in humans and other vertebrates, as well as vegetable fat. The buyer of the oil is allowed to use the RSPO and the GreenPalm label for sustainable palm oil on their products. The solid material remaining after rendering is called cracklings, greaves, or graves. [77][78], Trials of using algae as biofuel were carried out by Lufthansa and Virgin Atlantic as early as 2008, although there is little evidence that using algae is a reasonable source for jet biofuels. On the downstroke, the piston now compresses the fuel mix, which has lubricated the piston in the cylinder and the bearings due to the fuel mix having oil added to it. This variation is called the diesel cycle. In 1899 John Day simplified Clerk's design into the type of 2 cycle engine that is very widely used today. Improved animals can provide both foods and fuels. The volume of hydrocarbon assumes a standard energy content. Valve gear (The following elements may not be present): Timing chain or gears. The temperature of the air, after being compressed in the compressor, is increased by burning fuel in it. The Scuderi Engine addresses the breathing problem by reducing the clearance between the piston and the cylinder head through various turbocharging techniques. [116], Often, the algae is dehydrated, and then a solvent such as hexane is used to extract energy-rich compounds like triglycerides from the dried material. Saskatchewan implemented a 2% renewable diesel requirement in 2009. Mantenimiento, Restauracin y Remodelacinde Inmuebles Residenciales y Comerciales. This company recycles almost 100% of its water via reverse osmosis, saving about 26 000 gallons of water every month. [96] The modest increases in water current velocity may also affect rates of algae growth since the rate of nutrient uptake and boundary layer diffusion increases with current velocity.[96]. It has yet to be produced at a cost that is competitive with petroleum. [133][134][135] However, due to the flammable nature of any combustible fuel, there is potential for some environmental hazards if ignited or spilled, as may occur in a train derailment or a pipeline leak. RBDPO is the basic palm oil product sold on the world's commodity markets. It can also be used as feedstock for other chemical productions. With an even firing pattern, the pistons would move in unison and the associated forces would add. That really shows in Knorr's version, as just a half a cube racks up over half a day's worth of the stuff, leaving you more than parched for a glass of detox water. Antisense-expressing knockdown strains 1A6 and 1B1 contained 2.4- and 3.3-fold higher lipid content during exponential growth, and 4.1- and 3.2-fold higher lipid content after 40 h of silicon starvation. Quenching reduces efficiency and increases knocking, sometimes causing the engine to stall. During five days of flight testing from August 23 to 27, 2010, at Edwards Air Force Base, California, a U.S. Air Force C-17 Globemaster III flew using JP-8 conventional jet fuel in three of its engines and a 50/50 blend of JP-8 and HRJ biofuel made from beef tallow in one engine on August 23, followed by a flight with the same 50/50 blend in all four engines on August 24. Meanwhile, H. G. Aach showed that Chlorella pyrenoidosa could be induced via nitrogen starvation to accumulate as much as 70% of its dry weight as lipids. The two men planning to produce biodiesel from chicken fat are Jerry Bagby, and Harold Williams and together, they are hoping to produce around 3 million gallons of biodiesel a year. The cylinder head is attached to the engine block by numerous bolts or studs. [54] At the end of 2010, 60% of the output was exported in the form of crude palm oil. R&D&D funding, "Algal Carbon Conversion Flagship - National Research Council Canada", "Algenol kills plan to bring 2,000 jobs to SWFL", "Blue marble, um partner to optimize algal biomass utilization", "Breakthrough in Microalgae Oil Production, Accelerated Ability To Produce Variety of Different Oils", "15 Algae Startups Bringing Pond Scum to Fuel Tanks", "Solazyme Integrated Biorefinery: Diesel Fuesl from Heterotrophic algae", "Solzayme: Meeting the growing need for renewable fuels", Wastewater Treatment by Pulsed Electric Field Processing, Origin Oil's Bioreactor: A Breakthrough in the Production of Oil from Algae, "Algae to crude oil: Million-year natural process takes minutes in the lab", "Salt Water: The Tangy Taste of Energy Freedom", A Report on Commercial Usage and Production of Algal Oil, A Sober Look at Biofuels from Algae (Biodiesel Magazine), US National Renewable Energy Laboratory Publications, Current Status and Potential for Algal Biofuels Production, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Algae_fuel&oldid=1117484227, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2012, All articles containing potentially dated statements, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from August 2015, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 21 October 2022, at 23:57. The drive (eccentric) shaft rotates once during every power stroke instead of twice (crankshaft), as in the Otto cycle, giving it a greater power-to-weight ratio than piston engines.

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