Thus nation-states are not as common as often assumed, and stateless nations are the overwhelming majority of nations in the world. Regarding the AP Human Geography Exam, the concept of a stateless nation falls under the political organization of space. Set individual study goals and earn points reaching them. We visit five prominent stateless nations to find out how they got that way. Israeli-Palestinian Conflict in the 21st Century. Turmoil in the Middle East: Imperialism, War, and Political Instability (1999), Berch Berberoglu, 69p. Empires, nation-states, city-states, and kingdoms are just a few examples of political entities. A stateless nation is an ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state [1] and is not the majority population in any nation state. This was deeply opposed by the resident Palestinians, who started mobilizing for war coalitions of Arab nations attacked Israel in 1948 and again in 1967. The Kurds have a long history of statelessness, dating back to the collapse of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. Three of them, plus their coach, were stateless. Buffer State States that are allowed to exist by neighboring states (to help relieve tension between the neighboring states). Without citizenship, stateless people have no legal protection and no right to vote, and they often lack access to education, employment, health care, registration of birth, marriage or death, and property rights. It refers to the relationship between the dominant group, which identifies with national identity and is more supported by the countrys political, social and economic systems, and less powerful communities whose interests are not as well-served by them. Without legal rights as citizens, the Rohingya are subject to discriminatory and unjust policies that restrict their movement, confiscate their land and severely limit their access to health care, education and employment. Chapter Two: Faith and Religious Identity, Next: The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Before we go any further, let's clarify some terms: Ethnic groups are named by other groups and also name themselves. Sounds bad, right? Stateless nations are usually not represented in international sports or in international organisations such as the United Nations. It is the culmination of laws, educational practices and popular culture which favor the perspectives and interests of the more powerful group. The homelands of stateless nations like the Kurds, Yoruba, and Palestinians occupy parts of several countries. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. At the same time, many of those did not possess a state of their own, and some continue to be without a state. These group names can vary over time and may depend on preferences. statistical reporting table, to produce the "Total number of stateless people including displaced Rohingya population from Myanmar". A total of 5.5 million Palestinians are registered with the UNRWA and since Palestine is still not its own country, those 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless. A nation, or a people, is usually referred to asqawm in Arabic. The Kurds are a famous example of a stateless nation; their territory is called "Kurdistan.". Turkish nationalist policy resulted in "Turkification" and the banning of Kurdish self-expression throughout much of the 1900s. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Prayer, A Part of Daily Life for Muslims Around the World, The Mystical Tradition of Sufism, or Tasawwuf, The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, The U.S. and Post-Bandung Imperial Dominance, The Middle East Studies Center at the Ohio State University, Chapter Three: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism. Report an Error Example Question #4 : Nation State 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. For the sake of this discussion, however, it is important to know that various cultural communities, whether they called themselves qawm or umum (plural for umma), came to considerthemselves nations. The first Roma migrated from Northern Indian between the 13th and 15th centuries, and the Romani language still shares many words in common with Hindi. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. In the Middle East the history of national consciousness differs a great deal from that of Europe. Christian Sects in the Middle East, Part 14. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Economic distress As elsewhere, in the refugee settlements in South Asia, the risks of contracting COVID-19 have much to do with employment and economic status, and Many of those Kurds have since fled the violence and become refugees elsewhere. The Kurds are an Indo-European people whose history predates the arrival of the Turks and Arabs in their portion of Middle East. example, only 61.4% of applications from Gaza were approved, meaning that patients had to go through the bureaucratic procedure of reapplication.10 Out of the 604 permit applications submitted for people injured during the GMR, only 17% were approved; 28% were rejected, and 55% did not receive an an-swer in time for the medical appointment. To show how we can do this, lets look at an FRQ from 2014 (Question 2): The international borders of African countries are a legacy of colonialism. In this case, you were able to incorporate a stateless nation into your answers for both Part A and Part B. This is a list of societies that have been described as examples of stateless societies. For example, Arab-majority countries of the Middle East all share Arab identity, language and heritage, although they have very different national identities. Palestinians have a long-running conflict with Israel and have also lived as refugees in countries such as Jordan and Egypt. Members have citizenship in the country in which they reside. Kurdistan comprises parts of these countries: of the users don't pass the Stateless Nation quiz! False. A stateless nation is an ethnic group that does not form a majority in the country or countries where its homeland is located. Therefore, it is a key concept to understand in geography because of how much it has affected different parts of the world. Japan, Iceland, Denmark). Hmong, Karen and Other Ethnic Minorities in Thailand, Special Offer on Antivirus Software From HowStuffWorks and TotalAV Security, third of all stateless people are children, Hmong, Karen and Other Ethnic Minorities in Thailand, the most persecuted minority in the world, United Nations decided to divide the country of Palestine, 5.5 million are widely considered to be stateless, struggle to find work, health care and housing, opened a path to citizenship for 80,000 stateless people. Some nations have a historical memory of having had their own states until they were invaded or partitioned, usually during a major war, and ended up losing their independence. Stateless nations are members of multinational states and guaranteed limited sovereignty; officially recognized by the government(s) of the country or countries in which they reside. Islam in Middle Eastern Societies, Part 7. Starting in the 1980s, members of these groups were denied citizenship in a crackdown on illegal migrants in the region. They are thus called stateless nations. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. In 1947, the United Nations decided to divide the country of Palestine (an area of about 2,400 square miles or 6,215 square kilometers) into a Jewish state (which became Israel) and an Arab state. National devolution, further autonomy or total secession from Mali. Their residents found themselves declared to be permanent residents - but not citizens - of Israel. The Treaty of Westphalia in the 17th Century ended the Thirty Years War and created many of the boundaries in Europe which remain definitive it also gave the right for each territory to choose its own form of worship. Israel's illegal annexation of East Jerusalem in 1967 and the Golan Heights in 1981 led to the application of Israeli civil legislation in these occupied territories. Stateless nations either are dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Yakthung Limbu People residing in east of Nepal, includes (Sikkim and Darjeeling) India and north-western part of Bangladesh as the Yakthung Limbuwan nation[9] and Yoruba people are found in the African states of Nigeria, Benin and Togo) or form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). Print media played a critical role in the formation of national consciousness as a form of group belonging: reading literature in ones own vernacular had a powerful effect (Anderson, 2006). Fig. One example of a stateless nation is the Kurds, who are an ethnic group native to the Middle East and are spread across parts of Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. They contacted party members from across the nation to ask for their support. [3][4] Members of stateless nations may be citizens of the country in which they live, or they may be denied citizenship by that country. [14] Some nations have been victims of "carve out" and their homeland was divided among several countries. A stateless nation is a special case of national political systems, but nonetheless crucial to understanding political geography. The Post-Colonial Era in the Middle East: Iran and Turkey, Part 10. [22] A nation can exist without a state, as is exemplified by the stateless nations. Examples include Greeks before the Greek War of Independence[87] and Irish people before the Irish War of Independence and Bengalis before the Bangladesh Liberation War. Others include Palestinians, Basques, and Roma. So what is the answer? States that developed their national consciousness after the formation of the state do not have a national history that ties to a unique cultural community. Richard Devetak, Christopher W. Hughes, Routledge, 2007-12-18. To take an example from Arabic speaking communities of the Middle East. What is an example of a stateless nation? Nation States and Stateless Nations, Part 8. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Palestinians aren't a homogenous ethnic or religious group like the Kurds and the Rohingya. The term "stateless" implies that the group "should have" such a state (country). Seek self-determination from occupying powers. Some stateless nations have achieved their own independent state. Examples include Kurds (Kurdistan), Palestinians (Palestine), and Yoruba. National Borders as Foreign Intervention, Part 5. Trans-border stateless nations face many challenges. The Kurds are a nation without a state of their own. Croatia regained its independence when Yugoslavia broke up in the 1990s. Minor Human Rights Violations. Contents Kurds Rohingya Palestinians Roma The Kurds are one of the largest stateless nations, with over 20 million people dispersed throughout six countries: Syria, Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. Traditionally, cultural communities were also based on a particular religious tradition. Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. Nor are most stateless people refugees. We will finish by showing how this fits into the AP Human Geography multiple choice and free response question (FRQ) by showing an example, followed by a summary of this entire page. As such, the term expresses irredentism. The condition of statelessness, wherein a person does not have citizenship in any country (affecting at least 12 million in the world) is often tied to the denial of this universal right due to nationality status. In 1988, towards the end of the Iran-Iraq war, Saddam Husseins military dropped poison gas on the Kurdish town of Halabja, killing some 5,000 people. The Kurds are the largest stateless nation. These cases typically have involved violent or deceptive removal tactics such as those used historically by the US. The following is a list of ethnic and national groups where there exist notable independence movements as evidenced by standalone Wikipedia articles. The Stateless Nation: A Future for the Kurds Iran has been playing with fire for a hundred years specifically, Iranian state policy towards the Iranian Kurdish community is a recipe for disaster. Stateless nations are either dispersed across a number of states (for example, the Kurdish people are found in Iraq, Turkey, Iran, Armenia and Syria), or they form the native population of a province within a larger state (such as the Uyghur people in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region within the People's Republic of China). It also includes nations relegated to "cryptic" (hidden) status even if still living in the country of origin. The few "stateless" ethnic groups that exceed that figure - African Americans in the United States, for example, or the Tamils in India - make no widespread demands for independence. In many countries, unionism is also encouraged by governments and separatism is considered illegal. 2) to understand issues of inequity and power imbalances. Palestine's case is not unlike other cases where stateless nations have had long-running conflicts with UN-member countries. Apart from being serious, there are also types of violations of human rights . Keys to Understanding the Middle East by Stephen C Cory, Alam Payind and Melinda McClimans is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Imagine you're from a minority ethnic group that has been oppressed for centuries. Many of the nation states of the Middle East formed their national consciousness after the establishment of their state, however. Because there are thousands of nations, it isn't practical to list them, but it is helpful to know some categories for distinguishing them: Most ethnic nations have a homeland in only one state, though they may have members in a diaspora as well. You live in a country where your native language is forbidden in schools and the workplace. Therefore, it is crucial to understand stateless nations and how they came about because a significant amount of conflict today in the world comes from stateless nations. This section gives an overview of national identities and how they formed in the Middle East, and how they differ from European and global views on national identity. B. There are numerous Kurdish, Arab, Azeri, Assyrian, Jewish, Iranians, among others, and each may be speakers of a different language, and/or adherents to a different religious tradition. The total population of the Province of Quebec is 8.2 million, of which over 80% are French speakers. Essentially, it refers to a people without a state. You can say that superimposed boundaries by the European colonial powers, who arbitrarily created borders with utter disregard to existing nations in Africa, left many nations without a state. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. The Kurds are an example of a nation.Thus the correct option is B.. What are Kurds? Untold numbers of Roma remain stateless in the Balkans and mainland Europe. 3 - Kurdistan ("Kurdish-inhabited area") in the 1990s. The history books your country uses tell lies about you. Other examples include many indigenous peoples that have been manoeuvred into minority status in their home countries by colonial powers. In Iraq, 300,000 Kurds were stripped of their citizenship in 1980 for alleged disloyalty to Saddam Hussein. In his thought-provoking "A nationless state? The Kurdish people are probably the best-known ( and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. You should also be familiar with a state as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory with full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. Some of them see themselves as part of the multinational state and they believe that their interests are well represented in it. You can also find thousands of practice questions on Albert.io. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Test your knowledge with gamified quizzes. Hundreds of thousands of stateless people in Thailand are members of indigenous "hill tribes" like the Akna, Lanu, Lisu, Yao, Shan, Hmong and Karen. Historical societies [ edit] In essence, nationalism is belonging. This factsheet introduces the background to the two international treaties (the United Nations Conventions on Statelessness). The United Nations called the Rohingya "the most persecuted minority in the world.". Some stateless nations historically had a state, which was absorbed by another; for example, Tibet's declaration of independence in 1913 was not recognized, and it was reunited in 1951 by the People's Republic of China which claims that Tibet is an integral part of China, while the Tibetan government-in-exile maintains that Tibet is an independent state under an unlawful occupation. 3) to acknowledge that many of the conflicts of the Middle East arebetter understood with an accountingof national identity issues. The term State of Palestine is only used officially by Sweden. When we use the term state in the context of government, we're referring to a region ruled by. They often faced discrimination ranging from denial of citizenship to dispossession of their homelands. The Rohingyas are not recognized as a native ethnic group by Burmese government. None have homelands outside of Mexico, but all have diasporas in the US. This is also a region of heavy conflict. The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the . StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. 5. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Check out our other articles on APHuman Geography. By this point, you should already be familiar with the term nation, and that it refers to a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory. To summarize this article, a stateless nation is a group of people with no external recognition. Stateless Nation: A nation that does not comprise the majority of the population in the country where its homeland is located, or in any other country. As not all states are nation states, there are ethnic groups who live in multinational states without being considered "stateless nations". Various cultural communities came to consider themselves nations and were also able to establish a modern nation-state based on that identity. Kurds got the short end of the straw when borders in western Asia were drawn and redrawn. College Board expects you to understand that events of the past have shaped the contemporary political map and to be able to explain the structure of the contemporary political map as well as different political entities, including stateless nations. Thus, qawmia is usually how the word nationalism is translated. Likewise, the word umma, which means community and is used by Muslims to refer to their global community, is also sometimes translated as nation. Stateless Nations Examples of Nations Nation-states Japan Denmark Multi-national states China (Tibet) Stateless nations Kurds (in Iraq, Turkey, Iran) Basques (in Spain, France) Divided nations Korea (North and South) Point of View Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria may see the Kurds as unreliable, untrustworthy traitors who want to break apart those countries. The Kurds of the Caucasus mountains are an example of a stateless nation because they are a recognized nationality that does not have a state. Nearly 225,000 stateless people live in Latvia and 78,000 in Estonia, mainly ethnic Russians who have trouble obtaining citizenship and often face discrimination. Diverse Religious Identities of the Middle East, Part 4. (Conflicts often ensue.) In Macedonia, an estimated 110,000 to 200,000 more Roma struggle to find work, health care and housing without the necessary citizenship papers, even though Roma families have now lived there in exile for generations. However, within those political boundaries, there is even more diversity to be grappled with, and understood. Which of the following refers to the most disadvantaged situations for stateless nations? The Kurdish people are probably the best-known (and largest) stateless nation, but you've probably also heard of other stateless groups, like the persecuted Rohingya in Myanmar and the Palestinians. Better known by the derogatory term "gypsies," the Romani or Roma people have suffered ethnic persecution in Europe for centuries. Other Religions: Yazidis and Mandaeans, Part 1. The Roma lived in relative peace in the former Yugoslavia, but when the communist country broke up in the 1990s, hundreds of thousands of Roma were displaced by armed conflicts in Balkan states like Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo. Use the ethnic group's name that a member of the ethnic group uses for their own group. There are plenty of stateless nations in the world today. Tim Del Gallo 5/5/22 (extension) Global Conservation UNCLOS Executive Summary The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provided many answers to a confusing question. Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) was established in 1948 to aid Palestinian refugees who had lost their homes and livelihoods in the Arab-Israeli wars. Albert.io lets you customize your learning experience to target practice where you need the most help. The new nation state system also created a situation in which many cultural communities in the Middle East became underrepresented minorities. In Myanmar, they suffer from a long-running genocide and are denied citizenship. For most people, nationality is determined by place of birth, parentage or a long-term residence in a country. Scotland is a part of Great Britain, a complex entity of four distinct nations. The letters dispatched by the (Hangtumyahang) presidend. When the mandate ended in 1948, with the founding of the State of Israel, the Palestinians became definitively stateless. Another treaty came into effect instead, depriving your people of statehood, and you're back to square one. Examples of stateless nations: The Kurds currently reside in Iraq, Iran, Syria, and Turkey, but they have not established an internationally-recognized state based on their national identity. Describe the concept of a superimposed boundary. Fig. Free and expert-verified textbook solutions. Please copy/paste the following text to properly cite this HowStuffWorks.com article: Dave Roos The Jews were a stateless nation until 1948 when they declared Israel a state, and immediately gained recognition from the U.S., followed by the rest of the world. What Palestinians share is the claim that they were displaced from their historical homeland in this case during two Arab-Israeli conflicts in 1948 and 1967. In total, there are more than 10 million people that are denied a nationality; however, the UNHCR made an announcement that they hope to end statelessness by 2024. Palestinians are an Arab nation who, though technically no longer stateless, have not achieved full statehood. According to linguists, the language they speak is still called Pame. An area in which a nation and a state both coincide in the same space. Has Democracy Failed in the Middle East? Keys to Understanding the Middle East: History and Religions of the Middle East, Chapter One : Foundations of the Modern Middle East, Chapter Two: The Middle East and the Impact of Imperialism, Part 1. A "stateless nation" is a nation of people who self-identify as a common national group, but who do not have their own political state. More than half live in Jordan, with a third living in the Gaza Strip and West Bank, and 15 percent in Syria and Lebanon. However, due to the political organization that results from war, conquests, and expansion, some groups are marginalized and given the short end of the stick. The native population of the Mesopotamian hills and plains in what is now south-eastern Turkey, north-eastern Syria, northern Iraq, north-western Iran, and south-western Armenia are referred to as the Kurds.. Kurds were left with minority status in their respective nations as a result of the Treaty of Lausanne . They were stripped of their nationality on February 9 and 15. A nationless state or a stateless nation. Thus there exists in all the stateless nations feelings of identity that can be qualified as contradictory. The "Pame" of Mexico, who were targets of discrimination, consider the name insulting and prefer to be called Xi'ui. There are 193 member states in the United Nations, but only around 20 are, strictly speaking, nation-states, meaning states (government + geographical territory) with a single ethnic nation inhabiting the territory. The U.N. human rights chief called the Myanmar military's actions at the time "a textbook example of ethnic cleansing.". States made bold under the "homeland" column are countries of the respective ethnic groups which are native to them and still host the majority (more than half) of their population. The examples are too numerous to list. [88], Some would include the Jews until the 1948 Israeli declaration of independence,[89] however others would point out that different groups of Jews have very different characteristics such as languages, cultures, and territories, rendering the idea that all Jews constitute a single nation questionable.